{"id":17909,"date":"2021-01-14T17:26:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-14T23:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=17909"},"modified":"2023-03-21T17:05:38","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T22:05:38","slug":"article-cooling-towers-offer-water-and-energy-savings-as-part-of-efficient-data-center-cooling-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spxcooling.com\/fr\/news\/article-cooling-towers-offer-water-and-energy-savings-as-part-of-efficient-data-center-cooling-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Les tours de refroidissement permettent des \u00e9conomies d&#039;eau et d&#039;\u00e9nergie dans le cadre de syst\u00e8mes de refroidissement efficaces pour les centres de donn\u00e9es"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Le nombre de centres de donn\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats-Unis continue de cro\u00eetre en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9norme quantit\u00e9 d&#039;informations num\u00e9riques stock\u00e9es et diffus\u00e9es en continu. La puissance informatique massive de ces centres de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e8re de la chaleur, ce qui fait d\u2019un refroidissement efficace une exigence cl\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me du b\u00e2timent. Les tours de refroidissement par \u00e9vaporation font partie int\u00e9grante de nombreux syst\u00e8mes de refroidissement de centres de donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u00e9cemment, certains ont remis en question l\u2019utilisation des tours de refroidissement, invoquant la p\u00e9nurie d\u2019eau pour \u00e9tayer leurs arguments. Mais un examen approfondi de la consommation d\u2019eau pour les tours de refroidissement locales par rapport \u00e0 la consommation d\u2019eau pour produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 dans les centrales \u00e9lectriques r\u00e9gionales \u00e0 combustibles fossiles r\u00e9v\u00e8le des r\u00e9sultats surprenants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"743\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-1024x743.jpg\" alt=\"Data center cooling towers\" class=\"wp-image-17910\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-1024x743.jpg 1024w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-980x711.jpg 980w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-480x348.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Options de refroidissement du centre de donn\u00e9es<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe plusieurs fa\u00e7ons de refroidir les centres de donn\u00e9es, en fonction de leur taille, de la capacit\u00e9 informatique \u00e0 refroidir, des co\u00fbts \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques r\u00e9gionaux, ainsi que de la charge et de la densit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es. Les options populaires incluent\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Installation de refroidissement refroidie par eau\u00a0: comprend un syst\u00e8me de refroidissement, des pompes, une tour de refroidissement et un \u00e9changeur de chaleur \u00e0 plaques\/cadres en s\u00e9rie avec le refroidisseur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Installation de refroidissement refroidie par air \u2013 comprend un syst\u00e8me de refroidissement et des pompes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Refroidissement par \u00e9vaporation directe \u2013 sans r\u00e9frig\u00e9ration m\u00e9canique, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 \u00ab refroidissement par marais \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Refroidissement adiabatique \u2013 syst\u00e8me refroidi par air assist\u00e9 par un syst\u00e8me refroidi par eau pendant les conditions de pointe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour attirer les clients, les op\u00e9rateurs de centres de donn\u00e9es \u00e9valuent les options et recherchent des syst\u00e8mes qui r\u00e9duisent les co\u00fbts d&#039;exploitation et l&#039;impact environnemental. Ils accordent une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 l&#039;efficacit\u00e9 de l&#039;utilisation de l&#039;\u00e9nergie (PUE), d\u00e9finie comme le rapport entre la quantit\u00e9 totale d&#039;\u00e9nergie utilis\u00e9e par un centre de donn\u00e9es et l&#039;\u00e9nergie fournie \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9quipement informatique. Un PUE de 1 signifie que la puissance de rejet de chaleur est \u00e9gale \u00e0 la puissance utilis\u00e9e pour l\u2019\u00e9quipement informatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les op\u00e9rateurs de centres de donn\u00e9es sont \u00e9galement pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s par l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau (WUE). Les tours de refroidissement \u00e9vaporent l\u2019eau, mais l\u2019impact d\u00e9pend de l\u2019emplacement. Selon Tim Chiddix, PE, vice-pr\u00e9sident de l&#039;ing\u00e9nierie m\u00e9canique chez Swanson Rink, leader dans la conception d&#039;infrastructures de centres de donn\u00e9es, les centres de donn\u00e9es peuvent varier de quelques centaines de pieds carr\u00e9s \u00e0 plusieurs centaines de milliers de pieds carr\u00e9s et aucune technologie de refroidissement ne fonctionne bien pour toutes les r\u00e9gions. , crit\u00e8res clients et candidatures. &quot;Chaque installation doit \u00eatre analys\u00e9e pour d\u00e9terminer l&#039;approche qui r\u00e9pond le mieux aux besoins du client et tire parti des opportunit\u00e9s d&#039;\u00e9conomies d&#039;\u00e9nergie et d&#039;eau de la r\u00e9gion concern\u00e9e.&quot;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Swanson Rink sp\u00e9cifie des \u00e9quipements dans le cadre de ses centres de donn\u00e9es et combine fr\u00e9quemment des tours de refroidissement avec des refroidisseurs m\u00e9caniques pour un refroidissement efficace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les probl\u00e8mes d\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau doivent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re globale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse prolong\u00e9e dans les \u00c9tats occidentaux a amen\u00e9 de nombreuses entreprises \u00e0 r\u00e9examiner l&#039;impact de la consommation d&#039;eau pour le refroidissement des centres de donn\u00e9es. Certains se demandent si les tours de refroidissement sur site consomment trop d\u2019eau compte tenu de ces p\u00e9nuries. Lors de l&#039;\u00e9valuation de la meilleure strat\u00e9gie de refroidissement pour un centre de donn\u00e9es, il est essentiel d&#039;examiner la consommation d&#039;eau de mani\u00e8re globale, y compris celle utilis\u00e9e l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est produite. Vus sous cet angle, les syst\u00e8mes de refroidissement m\u00e9canique par \u00e9vaporation sont souvent bien plus efficaces que les syst\u00e8mes secs alternatifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La quantit\u00e9 d&#039;eau utilis\u00e9e par le cycle de vapeur d&#039;une centrale \u00e9lectrique \u00e0 combustible fossile pour produire de l&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 d&#039;eau utilis\u00e9e par la tour de refroidissement du centre de donn\u00e9es. Un exemple est un syst\u00e8me refroidi par air qui utilise 1 m\u00e9gawatt (MW) d&#039;\u00e9nergie par an, compar\u00e9 \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me refroidi par eau qui utilise 0,5 MW par an et 3 000 gallons d&#039;eau par minute. Le nombre de gallons que la centrale \u00e9lectrique utilise pour produire les 0,5 MW suppl\u00e9mentaires destin\u00e9s \u00e0 alimenter le syst\u00e8me refroidi par air est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 d&#039;eau qui serait utilis\u00e9e localement par la tour de refroidissement du syst\u00e8me refroidi par eau. R\u00e9duire la consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie des centrales \u00e9lectriques pourrait effectivement permettre d\u2019\u00e9conomiser de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tim Chiddix et Brook Zion de Swanson Rink ont \u00e9valu\u00e9 le probl\u00e8me de l&#039;utilisation de l&#039;eau dans un livre blanc intitul\u00e9 \u00ab Utilisation de l&#039;eau dans les centres de donn\u00e9es de Denver, Phoenix et Los Angeles : un regard sur la situation dans son ensemble \u00bb. Chiddix et Zion ont examin\u00e9 si la r\u00e9duction de la consommation d&#039;eau dans un centre de donn\u00e9es individuel entra\u00eenait une r\u00e9duction globale de la consommation d&#039;eau pour le syst\u00e8me r\u00e9gional d&#039;approvisionnement en eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les auteurs notent que l\u2019eau est un moyen plus efficace que l\u2019air pour \u00e9liminer la chaleur, car l\u2019\u00e9vaporation am\u00e9liore le processus de refroidissement. \u00ab L&#039;utilisation de syst\u00e8mes de condensation refroidis par eau plut\u00f4t que de syst\u00e8mes de condensation refroidis par air peut r\u00e9duire consid\u00e9rablement vos co\u00fbts d&#039;\u00e9nergie de refroidissement ; cependant, l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du refroidissement par \u00e9vaporation d\u00e9pend fortement de l\u2019emplacement, car le climat plus sec se traduit par une plus grande efficacit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ils ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 si cette r\u00e9duction d\u2019\u00e9nergie s\u2019accompagnait d\u2019une augmentation de la consommation d\u2019eau sur site en raison de l\u2019\u00e9vaporation. Ils se sont \u00e9galement demand\u00e9 si cette \u00e9vaporation gaspillait de l\u2019eau et si les propri\u00e9taires de centres de donn\u00e9es devraient plut\u00f4t envisager des \u00e9quipements refroidis par air. L&#039;\u00e9valuation a compar\u00e9 des exemples de centres de donn\u00e9es situ\u00e9s \u00e0 Denver, Phoenix et Los Angeles. L&#039;\u00e9tude a examin\u00e9 le r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique r\u00e9gional afin de d\u00e9terminer la quantit\u00e9 d&#039;eau consomm\u00e9e par les compagnies d&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour produire un kilowattheure (kWh) d&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les donn\u00e9es sur le taux de consommation d&#039;eau du rapport technique TP-550-33906 du Laboratoire national des \u00e9nergies renouvelables (NREL) sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans le tableau 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u00c9tat<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Gallons\/kWh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Colorado<\/td><td>1.20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arizona<\/td><td>7.88<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Californie<\/td><td>4.64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Tableau 1. Consommation moyenne d&#039;eau dans les centrales \u00e9lectriques<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#039;\u00e9tude a port\u00e9 sur le refroidissement d&#039;un exemple de centre de donn\u00e9es avec une charge de refroidissement constante de 1\u00a0500 kW. Les auteurs ont compar\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me de refroidissement par eau \u00e0 efficacit\u00e9 standard et un syst\u00e8me de refroidissement par air \u00e0 efficacit\u00e9 standard, ainsi qu&#039;un syst\u00e8me par \u00e9vaporation sans refroidissement m\u00e9canique. L&#039;installation refroidie par eau comprend un syst\u00e8me de refroidissement, des pompes, une tour de refroidissement et un \u00e9changeur de chaleur \u00e0 plaques\/cadres en s\u00e9rie avec le refroidisseur. Le refroidisseur \u00e0 air comprend le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement et les pompes. Le tableau 2 montre que la consommation \u00e9lectrique \u00e0 pleine charge du refroidisseur refroidi par air \u00e9tait nettement sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle du refroidisseur refroidi par eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Type de refroidisseur<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Denver (kW\/tonne)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Ph\u00e9nix (kW\/tonne)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>LA (kW\/tonne)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air conditionn\u00e9<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><td>1.340<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Refroidi \u00e0 l&#039;eau<\/td><td>0.431<\/td><td>0.462<\/td><td>0.426<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Tableau 2. Consommation \u00e9lectrique du refroidisseur \u00e0 pleine charge<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#039;utilisation de l&#039;eau, par \u00e9vaporation, \u00e9tait bas\u00e9e sur les donn\u00e9es de temp\u00e9rature du bulbe sec et du bulbe humide d&#039;une ann\u00e9e m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique typique (TMY3) obtenues \u00e0 partir de la base de donn\u00e9es nationale sur le rayonnement solaire (NSRDB). Les auteurs ont constat\u00e9 que le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement par eau de Denver consommait 1\u00a0610\u00a0748 kWh d\u2019\u00e9nergie et que le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement par air en consommait 4\u00a0663\u00a0740 kWh par an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La figure 1 montre la consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie et d&#039;eau pour les syst\u00e8mes de refroidissement m\u00e9caniques analys\u00e9s dans chaque ville. La consommation d&#039;eau pr\u00e9sente des diff\u00e9rences significatives car la quantit\u00e9 d&#039;eau consomm\u00e9e dans les installations de production d&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est bien sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle consomm\u00e9e sur site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement par air consomme plus d\u2019\u00e9nergie et n\u2019\u00e9vapore pas d\u2019eau sur place. Toute sa consommation d\u2019eau est au rythme de la consommation d\u2019eau des centrales \u00e9lectriques. En revanche, le refroidisseur refroidi par eau a une consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie inf\u00e9rieure et une combinaison de consommation d&#039;eau sur site et dans la centrale \u00e9lectrique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Selon Chiddix, les municipalit\u00e9s exigeant que les centres de donn\u00e9es utilisent moins d&#039;\u00e9nergie et d&#039;eau sur site n&#039;ont peut-\u00eatre pas pris en compte toutes les implications de ces exigences. Selon lui, si la centrale \u00e9lectrique est prise en compte dans l&#039;\u00e9quation, les technologies de refroidissement s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es pour le centre de donn\u00e9es peuvent en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 entra\u00eener une consommation globale d&#039;\u00e9nergie et d&#039;eau plus importante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"412\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-1024x412.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18775\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-980x394.jpg 980w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-480x193.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><figcaption><em>Fig 1. Source\u00a0: Utilisation de l&#039;eau des centres de donn\u00e9es de Denver, Phoenix et Los Angeles\u00a0: vue d&#039;ensemble, par Tim Chiddix, PE, ATD et Brook Zion, PE, ATD<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Facteurs d&#039;\u00e9conomie d&#039;\u00e9nergie suppl\u00e9mentaires \u00e0 prendre en compte<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les technologies refroidies \u00e0 l\u2019eau sont plus efficaces, en particulier lorsque le \u00ab refroidissement gratuit \u00bb est utilis\u00e9 pendant les p\u00e9riodes de temps plus frais. Le refroidissement gratuit, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 refroidissement par \u00ab \u00e9conomiseur c\u00f4t\u00e9 eau \u00bb, est une m\u00e9thode \u00e9conomique consistant \u00e0 utiliser les basses temp\u00e9ratures de l\u2019air ext\u00e9rieur pour contribuer au refroidissement de l\u2019eau. Lors du fonctionnement en mode free-cooling, l&#039;eau de la tour de refroidissement est suffisamment froide pour qu&#039;une r\u00e9frig\u00e9ration m\u00e9canique par le refroidisseur ne soit pas n\u00e9cessaire. Cela r\u00e9duit consid\u00e9rablement les besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de 75 pour cent ou plus. Pour profiter des \u00e9conomies d&#039;\u00e9nergie possibles gr\u00e2ce au refroidissement gratuit, il doit y avoir suffisamment d&#039;heures de temps froid pour justifier l&#039;investissement en \u00e9quipement suppl\u00e9mentaire pour l&#039;\u00e9changeur thermique \u00e0 plaques\/cadres et d&#039;autres composants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une \u00e9valuation des avantages des tours de refroidissement pour le refroidissement des centres de donn\u00e9es doit \u00e9galement prendre en compte le \u00ab d\u00e9bit variable \u00bb, une autre m\u00e9thode permettant de r\u00e9duire la consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie. Les tours de refroidissement sont dimensionn\u00e9es pour les conditions de conception estivales\u00a0; le d\u00e9bit variable permet aux utilisateurs de r\u00e9duire le d\u00e9bit d&#039;eau de la tour de refroidissement au refroidisseur pendant les saisons plus fra\u00eeches. Les ventilateurs fonctionnent \u00e0 une vitesse inf\u00e9rieure, ce qui r\u00e9duit la consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie. Tirer parti du refroidissement gratuit et des modes de d\u00e9bit variable peut r\u00e9duire consid\u00e9rablement la consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie des tours de refroidissement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La modularit\u00e9 de la tour de refroidissement offre un autre avantage. Les propri\u00e9taires de centres de donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9f\u00e9reront peut-\u00eatre d\u00e9velopper leurs installations au fil du temps, \u00e0 mesure que la demande de serveurs augmente. Pour contr\u00f4ler les d\u00e9penses d&#039;investissement initiales et les co\u00fbts d&#039;exploitation, les op\u00e9rateurs de centres de donn\u00e9es peuvent ajouter ult\u00e9rieurement de la capacit\u00e9 de refroidissement si n\u00e9cessaire en utilisant des syst\u00e8mes int\u00e9grant des tours de refroidissement modulaires assembl\u00e9es en usine \u00e0 mesure que l&#039;installation se d\u00e9veloppe. Il est important que la construction du centre de donn\u00e9es soit achev\u00e9e dans les d\u00e9lais afin que les serveurs puissent \u00eatre op\u00e9rationnels rapidement et g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des revenus. Les tours de refroidissement modulaires pr\u00e9assembl\u00e9es et mont\u00e9es sur site peuvent r\u00e9pondre aux exigences de livraison et aux calendriers de construction urgents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Peser les options en mati\u00e8re d&#039;eau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe de nombreuses combinaisons de solutions de refroidissement par \u00e9vaporation et m\u00e9canique qui peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9es pour r\u00e9pondre aux exigences de refroidissement des centres de donn\u00e9es. \u00c0 mesure que la discussion sur l\u2019eau s\u2019ajoute \u00e0 la liste des consid\u00e9rations de conception, il est important de comprendre et d\u2019\u00e9valuer la relation entre l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique et la consommation locale d\u2019eau afin de prendre des d\u00e9cisions \u00e9clair\u00e9es pour r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9conomies d\u2019\u00e9nergie et d\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Denver<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Ph\u00e9nix<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Los Angeles<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie annuelle (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie annuelle (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie annuelle (kW)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Refroidisseur \u00e0 eau<\/td><td>1,610,748<\/td><td>1,726,603<\/td><td>1,592,062<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Refroidisseur refroidi par air<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><td>4,999,089<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Syst\u00e8me<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consommation annuelle d&#039;eau<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/an)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consommation annuelle d&#039;eau<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/an)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consommation annuelle d&#039;eau<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/an)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Refroidisseur \u00e0 eau<\/td><td>3,593,000<\/td><td>14,844,000<\/td><td>7,732,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Refroidisseur refroidi par air<\/td><td>4,645,000<\/td><td>36,182,000<\/td><td>16,640,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Diff\u00e9rence<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1,052,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>21,338,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>8,908,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>% de r\u00e9duction de la consommation d\u2019eau<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>22.60%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>59.00%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>53.50%<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Tableau 3. Donn\u00e9es pour la comparaison des syst\u00e8mes de refroidissement. Exemple de centre de donn\u00e9es de 1\u00a0500 kW<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 propos des auteurs\u00a0: Paul Erlinger est directeur du d\u00e9veloppement commercial mondial \u2013 Centres de donn\u00e9es et technologie et Kent Martens est directeur r\u00e9gional des ventes pour SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The number of data centers in the United States continues to grow in response to the enormous amount of digital information stored and streamed. The massive computer power within these data centers generates heat, making efficient cooling a key building system requirement. Evaporative cooling towers are an integral part of many data center cooling systems. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17910,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The number of data centers in the United States continues to grow in response to the enormous amount of digital information stored and streamed. The massive computer power within these data centers generates heat, making efficient cooling a key building system requirement. Evaporative cooling towers are an integral part of many data center cooling systems.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Recently some have questioned the use of cooling towers, citing water scarcity to bolster their arguments. But a thorough examination of water use for local onsite cooling towers compared to water use to generate power at regional fossil fuel power plants reveals surprising results. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":17910,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-1024x743.jpg\" alt=\"Data center cooling towers\" class=\"wp-image-17910\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Data Center Cooling Options<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>There are multiple ways to cool data centers, depending on the size, computer capacity that must be cooled, regional energy costs and the data load and density. Popular options include:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Water-cooled chiller plant \u2013 includes chiller system, pumps, cooling tower and plate\/frame heat exchanger in series with the chiller<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Air-cooled chiller plant \u2013 includes chiller system and pumps<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Direct evaporative cooling \u2013 without mechanical refrigeration, also referred to as \u201cswamp cooling\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Adiabatic cooling \u2013 air-cooled system assisted by water-cooled system during peak conditions<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>To attract customers, data center operators weigh the options and look for systems that reduce operating costs and environmental impact. They pay close attention to power use effectiveness (PUE), defined as the ratio of the total amount of energy used by a data center to the energy delivered to the computing equipment. A PUE of 1 means the heat rejection power equals the power used for the computing equipment.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Data center operators are also concerned about water use effectiveness (WUE). Cooling towers evaporate water, but the impact depends on location. According to Tim Chiddix, PE, VP Mechanical Engineering at Swanson Rink, a leader in the design of data center facility infrastructure, data centers can range from a few hundred square feet to several hundred thousand square feet and no cooling technology works well for all regions, client criteria and applications. \u201cEach and every facility must be analyzed to determine the approach that best meets the needs of the customer and takes advantage of energy and water savings opportunities of the particular region.\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Swanson Rink specifies equipment as part of its data center practice and frequently combines cooling towers with mechanical chillers for efficient cooling.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Water Use Issues Must Be Evaluated Holistically<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The extended drought throughout the Western states has caused many companies to reexamine the impact of water usage for cooling data centers. Some have questioned whether onsite cooling towers use too much water given these shortages. In evaluating the best cooling strategy for a data center, it is critical to view water usage holistically, including water use where the power is made. When viewed in this light, mechanical evaporative cooling systems are often far more efficient than alternative dry systems.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The amount of water used by the steam cycle of a fossil fuel based power plant to generate electricity may be greater than the amount of water used by the data center cooling tower. An example is an air-cooled system that uses 1 megawatt (MW) of power per year compared with a water-cooled system that uses 0.5 MW per year and 3,000 gallons of water per minute. The number of gallons the power plant uses to make the additional 0.5 MW to power the air-cooled system is actually greater than the amount of water that would be used locally by the water-cooled system\u2019s cooling tower. Cutting down the energy used from power plants may actually save water.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Swanson Rink\u2019s Tim Chiddix and Brook Zion evaluated the water use issue in a white paper, \u201cData Center Water Usage for Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles: A Look at the big picture.\u201d Chiddix and Zion examined whether reduction in water use at an individual data center facility results in an aggregate reduction in water use for the regional water supply system.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The authors note that water is a more efficient medium than air for removing heat because evaporation enhances the cooling process. \u201cUsing water-cooled condensing systems versus air-cooled condensing systems can significantly reduce your cooling energy costs; however, the effectiveness of evaporative cooling is very location dependent, since the drier climate results in greater efficiency.\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>They studied whether this energy reduction comes with an increase in onsite water usage due to evaporation. They also considered whether this evaporation is wasting water and whether data center owners should consider air-cooled equipment instead. The evaluation compared sample data centers located in Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles. It examined the regional power grid to determine how much water the power companies consume to produce a kilowatt-hour (kWh) of power.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Water consumption rate data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) technical report TP-550- 33906 is shown in Table 1.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>State<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Gallons\/kWh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Colorado<\/td><td>1.20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arizona<\/td><td>7.88<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>California<\/td><td>4.64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Table 1. Average Water Consumption At Power Plants<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The study looked at cooling for a sample data center with a steady 1,500 kW cooling load. The authors compared a standard efficiency water-cooled chiller system and a standard efficiency air-cooled chiller system, as well as an evaporative system with no mechanical cooling. The water-cooled plant includes a chiller system, pumps, cooling tower and plate\/frame heat exchanger in series with the chiller. The air-cooled chiller includes the chiller system and pumps. Table 2 shows the full load power consumption of the air-cooled chiller was significantly higher than that of the water-cooled chiller.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Chiller Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Denver (kW\/Ton)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Phoenix (kW\/Ton)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>L.A. (kW\/Ton)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><td>1.340<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled<\/td><td>0.431<\/td><td>0.462<\/td><td>0.426<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Table 2. Full Load Chiller Power Consumption<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Water use, through evaporation, was based on dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature data from a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY3) obtained from the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB). The authors found that the water-cooled chiller system in Denver consumed 1,610,748 kWh of energy and the air-cooled chiller system consumed 4,663,740 kWh annually.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Figure 1 shows the energy and water usage for the mechanical chiller systems analyzed in each city. Water use shows significant differences because the amount of water consumed at the power generation facilities is far greater than water consumed on site.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The air-cooled chiller system consumes more power and evaporates no water on site. All of its water use is at the rate of power plant water consumption. By contrast, the water-cooled chiller has lower power consumption and a combination of onsite and power plant water consumption.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>According to Chiddix, municipalities requiring data centers to use less energy and water onsite may not have considered the full implications of these requirements. In his opinion, if the power generating plant is considered in the equation, the cooling technologies selected for the data center may actually result in more overall energy and water use.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":18775,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-1024x412.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18775\"\/><figcaption><em>Fig 1. Source: Data Center Water Usage for Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles: A Look at the big picture, by Tim Chiddix, PE, ATD and Brook Zion, PE, ATD<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Additional Energy-Saving Factors To Consider<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Water-cooled technologies are more efficient, particularly when \u201cfree cooling\u201d is employed during periods of cooler weather. Free cooling, also referred to as \u201cwater-side economizer\u201d cooling, is an economic method of using low external air temperatures to assist in chilling water. When operating in free cooling mode, the water from the cooling tower is cold enough that mechanical refrigeration by the chiller is not required. This reduces the energy requirement significantly, typically by 75 percent or more. To take advantage of the energy savings possible with free cooling, there must be sufficient hours of cold weather to justify the additional equipment investment for the plate\/frame heat exchanger and other components.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>An evaluation of the benefits of cooling towers in data center cooling must also consider \u201cvariable flow,\u201d another method to reduce energy consumption. Cooling towers are sized for summer design condition; variable flow enables users to reduce the water flow from the cooling tower to the chiller during cooler seasons. Fans are operated at a lower speed, which reduces energy usage. Taking advantage of free cooling and variable flow modes can dramatically reduce cooling tower energy use.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Cooling tower modularity provides another advantage. Data center owners may prefer to build out their facilities over time as server demand grows. To control initial capital expenditures and operating costs, data center operators may add cooling capacity later as needed by utilizing systems that incorporate factory-assembled modular cooling towers as the facility grows. It is important for data center construction to be completed on schedule so that servers can be operational quickly to generate revenue. Modular pre-assembled and field-erected cooling towers can meet time-sensitive delivery requirements and construction schedules.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Weighing The Water Options<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>There are many combinations of evaporative and mechanical cooling solutions that can be evaluated to meet data center cooling requirements. As the discussion of water is added to the list of design considerations, it is important to understand and evaluate the relationship between utility power and local water consumption in order to make well-reasoned decisions for achieving energy and water conservation.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Denver<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Phoenix<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Los Angeles<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Annual Energy Consumption (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Energy Consumption (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Energy Consumption (kW)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>1,610,748<\/td><td>1,726,603<\/td><td>1,592,062<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><td>4,999,089<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>System<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Water Usage<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/yr)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Water Usage<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/yr)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Water Usage<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/yr)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>3,593,000<\/td><td>14,844,000<\/td><td>7,732,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>4,645,000<\/td><td>36,182,000<\/td><td>16,640,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Difference<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1,052,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>21,338,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>8,908,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>% of Water Use Reduction<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>22.60%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>59.00%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>53.50%<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Table 3. Data for cooling system comparison. Sample 1,500 kW Data Center<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>About the Authors: Paul Erlinger is Global Business Development Manager \u2013 Data Centers and Technology and Kent Martens is Regional Sales Manager for SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","_et_gb_content_width":"","content-type":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"9818,9822,9629,9819,9820,9713","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31,30],"tags":[1229],"class_list":["post-17909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-expert-opinion-whitepapers","category-news","tag-whitepaper"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cooling Towers Offer Water and Energy Savings as Part of Efficient Data Center Cooling Systems News - SPX Cooling Technologies<\/title>\n<meta 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