{"id":17909,"date":"2021-01-14T17:26:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-14T23:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=17909"},"modified":"2023-03-21T17:05:38","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T22:05:38","slug":"article-cooling-towers-offer-water-and-energy-savings-as-part-of-efficient-data-center-cooling-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spxcooling.com\/it\/news\/article-cooling-towers-offer-water-and-energy-savings-as-part-of-efficient-data-center-cooling-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Le torri di raffreddamento offrono risparmi idrici ed energetici come parte delle novit\u00e0 sui sistemi di raffreddamento efficienti dei data center"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Il numero di data center negli Stati Uniti continua a crescere in risposta all&#039;enorme quantit\u00e0 di informazioni digitali archiviate e trasmesse in streaming. L&#039;enorme potenza dei computer all&#039;interno di questi data center genera calore, rendendo il raffreddamento efficiente un requisito fondamentale del sistema edilizio. Le torri di raffreddamento evaporative sono parte integrante di molti sistemi di raffreddamento dei data center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recentemente alcuni hanno messo in dubbio l\u2019uso delle torri di raffreddamento, citando la scarsit\u00e0 d\u2019acqua per sostenere le loro argomentazioni. Ma un esame approfondito dell\u2019uso dell\u2019acqua per le torri di raffreddamento locali rispetto all\u2019uso dell\u2019acqua per generare energia nelle centrali elettriche regionali a combustibili fossili rivela risultati sorprendenti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"743\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-1024x743.jpg\" alt=\"Data center cooling towers\" class=\"wp-image-17910\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-1024x743.jpg 1024w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-980x711.jpg 980w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-480x348.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opzioni di raffreddamento del data center<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Esistono diversi modi per raffreddare i data center, a seconda delle dimensioni, della capacit\u00e0 del computer da raffreddare, dei costi energetici regionali, del carico e della densit\u00e0 dei dati. Le opzioni pi\u00f9 popolari includono:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Impianto di refrigerazione raffreddato ad acqua: comprende sistema di refrigerazione, pompe, torre di raffreddamento e scambiatore di calore a piastre\/telaio in serie con il refrigeratore<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Impianto di refrigerazione raffreddato ad aria \u2013 comprende sistema di refrigerazione e pompe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Raffreddamento evaporativo diretto \u2013 senza refrigerazione meccanica, denominato anche \u201craffreddamento a palude\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Raffreddamento adiabatico \u2013 sistema raffreddato ad aria assistito da un sistema raffreddato ad acqua durante le condizioni di picco<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Per attirare i clienti, gli operatori dei data center valutano le opzioni e cercano sistemi che riducano i costi operativi e l&#039;impatto ambientale. Prestano molta attenzione all&#039;efficacia dell&#039;uso dell&#039;energia (PUE), definita come il rapporto tra la quantit\u00e0 totale di energia utilizzata da un data center e l&#039;energia fornita alle apparecchiature informatiche. Un PUE pari a 1 significa che la potenza di rifiuto del calore \u00e8 uguale alla potenza utilizzata per le apparecchiature informatiche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gli operatori dei data center sono preoccupati anche per l&#039;efficacia dell&#039;uso dell&#039;acqua (WUE). Le torri di raffreddamento fanno evaporare l&#039;acqua, ma l&#039;impatto dipende dalla posizione. Secondo Tim Chiddix, PE, VP Mechanical Engineering presso Swanson Rink, leader nella progettazione di infrastrutture per data center, i data center possono variare da poche centinaia di piedi quadrati a diverse centinaia di migliaia di piedi quadrati e nessuna tecnologia di raffreddamento funziona bene per tutte le regioni , criteri e applicazioni del cliente. \u201cOgni singola struttura deve essere analizzata per determinare l\u2019approccio che meglio soddisfa le esigenze del cliente e sfrutta le opportunit\u00e0 di risparmio energetico e idrico della particolare regione.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Swanson Rink specifica le apparecchiature come parte della pratica del data center e spesso combina torri di raffreddamento con refrigeratori meccanici per un raffreddamento efficiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I problemi legati all\u2019uso dell\u2019acqua devono essere valutati olisticamente<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La prolungata siccit\u00e0 in tutti gli stati occidentali ha indotto molte aziende a riesaminare l\u2019impatto dell\u2019utilizzo dell\u2019acqua per il raffreddamento dei data center. Alcuni si sono chiesti se le torri di raffreddamento in loco utilizzino troppa acqua date queste carenze. Nel valutare la migliore strategia di raffreddamento per un data center, \u00e8 fondamentale considerare l&#039;utilizzo dell&#039;acqua in modo olistico, compreso l&#039;utilizzo dell&#039;acqua nel luogo in cui viene prodotta l&#039;energia. Se visti in questa luce, i sistemi di raffreddamento evaporativo meccanico sono spesso molto pi\u00f9 efficienti dei sistemi a secco alternativi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La quantit\u00e0 di acqua utilizzata dal ciclo del vapore di una centrale elettrica a combustibile fossile per generare elettricit\u00e0 pu\u00f2 essere maggiore della quantit\u00e0 di acqua utilizzata dalla torre di raffreddamento del data center. Un esempio \u00e8 un sistema raffreddato ad aria che utilizza 1 megawatt (MW) di energia all&#039;anno rispetto a un sistema raffreddato ad acqua che utilizza 0,5 MW all&#039;anno e 3.000 litri d&#039;acqua al minuto. Il numero di galloni che la centrale utilizza per produrre gli ulteriori 0,5 MW necessari per alimentare il sistema raffreddato ad aria \u00e8 in realt\u00e0 maggiore della quantit\u00e0 di acqua che verrebbe utilizzata localmente dalla torre di raffreddamento del sistema raffreddato ad acqua. Ridurre l\u2019energia utilizzata dalle centrali elettriche pu\u00f2 effettivamente far risparmiare acqua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tim Chiddix e Brook Zion di Swanson Rink hanno valutato il problema dell&#039;uso dell&#039;acqua in un libro bianco, &quot;Utilizzo idrico dei data center per Denver, Phoenix e Los Angeles: uno sguardo al quadro generale&quot;. Chiddix e Zion hanno esaminato se la riduzione del consumo idrico presso una singola struttura del data center si traduce in una riduzione complessiva del consumo idrico per il sistema di approvvigionamento idrico regionale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gli autori notano che l\u2019acqua \u00e8 un mezzo pi\u00f9 efficiente dell\u2019aria per rimuovere il calore perch\u00e9 l\u2019evaporazione migliora il processo di raffreddamento. \u201cL&#039;utilizzo di sistemi di condensazione raffreddati ad acqua rispetto ai sistemi di condensazione raffreddati ad aria pu\u00f2 ridurre significativamente i costi energetici di raffreddamento; tuttavia, l\u2019efficacia del raffreddamento evaporativo dipende molto dalla posizione, poich\u00e9 il clima pi\u00f9 secco si traduce in una maggiore efficienza\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hanno studiato se questa riduzione energetica si accompagna a un aumento del consumo di acqua in loco a causa dell\u2019evaporazione. Hanno inoltre valutato se questa evaporazione stia comportando uno spreco di acqua e se i proprietari dei data center debbano invece prendere in considerazione apparecchiature raffreddate ad aria. La valutazione ha confrontato data center campione situati a Denver, Phoenix e Los Angeles. Ha esaminato la rete elettrica regionale per determinare quanta acqua consumano le societ\u00e0 elettriche per produrre un kilowattora (kWh) di energia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I dati sul consumo di acqua tratti dal rapporto tecnico TP-550-33906 del National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) sono mostrati nella Tabella 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Stato<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Galloni\/kWh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Colorado<\/td><td>1.20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arizona<\/td><td>7.88<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>California<\/td><td>4.64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Tabella 1. Consumo medio di acqua nelle centrali elettriche<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lo studio ha esaminato il raffreddamento di un data center campione con un carico di raffreddamento costante di 1.500 kW. Gli autori hanno confrontato un sistema di raffreddamento ad acqua con efficienza standard e un sistema di raffreddamento ad aria con efficienza standard, nonch\u00e9 un sistema evaporativo senza raffreddamento meccanico. L&#039;impianto raffreddato ad acqua comprende un sistema di refrigerazione, pompe, torre di raffreddamento e scambiatore di calore a piastre\/telaio in serie con il refrigeratore. Il refrigeratore raffreddato ad aria comprende il sistema di refrigerazione e le pompe. La tabella 2 mostra che il consumo energetico a pieno carico del refrigeratore raffreddato ad aria era significativamente superiore a quello del refrigeratore raffreddato ad acqua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Tipo di refrigeratore<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Denver (kW\/Tonnellata)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Fenice (kW\/Tonnellata)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>LA (kW\/Tonnellata)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Raffreddato ad aria<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><td>1.340<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acqua raffreddata<\/td><td>0.431<\/td><td>0.462<\/td><td>0.426<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Tabella 2. Consumo energetico del refrigeratore a pieno carico<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019uso dell\u2019acqua, attraverso l\u2019evaporazione, \u00e8 stato basato sui dati della temperatura a bulbo secco e a bulbo umido di un anno meteorologico tipico (TMY3) ottenuti dal National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB). Gli autori hanno scoperto che il sistema di refrigerazione raffreddato ad acqua a Denver consumava 1.610.748 kWh di energia e il sistema di refrigerazione raffreddato ad aria consumava 4.663.740 kWh all&#039;anno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La Figura 1 mostra l&#039;utilizzo di energia e acqua per i sistemi di refrigerazione meccanica analizzati in ciascuna citt\u00e0. L\u2019uso dell\u2019acqua mostra differenze significative perch\u00e9 la quantit\u00e0 di acqua consumata negli impianti di produzione di energia \u00e8 di gran lunga maggiore di quella consumata in loco.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il sistema di refrigerazione raffreddato ad aria consuma pi\u00f9 energia e non fa evaporare l&#039;acqua in loco. Tutto il suo utilizzo di acqua \u00e8 pari al consumo di acqua della centrale elettrica. Al contrario, il refrigeratore raffreddato ad acqua ha un consumo energetico inferiore e una combinazione di consumo di acqua in loco e della centrale elettrica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Secondo Chiddix, i comuni che richiedono ai data center di utilizzare meno energia e acqua in loco potrebbero non aver considerato tutte le implicazioni di questi requisiti. A suo avviso, se nell&#039;equazione si considera l&#039;impianto di generazione di energia, le tecnologie di raffreddamento selezionate per il data center potrebbero effettivamente comportare un maggiore consumo complessivo di energia e acqua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"412\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-1024x412.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18775\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-980x394.jpg 980w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-480x193.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><figcaption><em>Fig 1. Fonte: Utilizzo dell&#039;acqua del data center per Denver, Phoenix e Los Angeles: uno sguardo al quadro generale, di Tim Chiddix, PE, ATD e Brook Zion, PE, ATD<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ulteriori fattori di risparmio energetico da considerare<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le tecnologie di raffreddamento ad acqua sono pi\u00f9 efficienti, in particolare quando viene utilizzato il \u201craffreddamento gratuito\u201d durante i periodi di clima pi\u00f9 fresco. Il freecooling, noto anche come raffreddamento \u201ceconomizzatore lato acqua\u201d, \u00e8 un metodo economico per utilizzare basse temperature dell\u2019aria esterna per favorire il raffreddamento dell\u2019acqua. Quando si opera in modalit\u00e0 freecooling, l&#039;acqua proveniente dalla torre di raffreddamento \u00e8 sufficientemente fredda da non richiedere la refrigerazione meccanica da parte del refrigeratore. Ci\u00f2 riduce significativamente il fabbisogno energetico, in genere del 75% o pi\u00f9. Per sfruttare il risparmio energetico possibile con il freecooling, devono esserci sufficienti ore di clima freddo per giustificare l&#039;investimento aggiuntivo in apparecchiature per lo scambiatore di calore a piastre\/telaio e altri componenti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una valutazione dei vantaggi delle torri di raffreddamento nel raffreddamento dei data center deve considerare anche il \u201cflusso variabile\u201d, un altro metodo per ridurre il consumo energetico. Le torri di raffreddamento sono dimensionate per le condizioni di progettazione estive; il flusso variabile consente agli utenti di ridurre il flusso d&#039;acqua dalla torre di raffreddamento al refrigeratore durante le stagioni pi\u00f9 fresche. I ventilatori funzionano a una velocit\u00e0 inferiore, riducendo cos\u00ec il consumo di energia. Sfruttare il freecooling e le modalit\u00e0 a flusso variabile pu\u00f2 ridurre drasticamente il consumo energetico delle torri di raffreddamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La modularit\u00e0 delle torri di raffreddamento offre un altro vantaggio. I proprietari di data center potrebbero preferire costruire le proprie strutture nel tempo man mano che la domanda di server cresce. Per controllare le spese iniziali in conto capitale e i costi operativi, gli operatori dei data center possono aggiungere successivamente la capacit\u00e0 di raffreddamento secondo necessit\u00e0, utilizzando sistemi che incorporano torri di raffreddamento modulari assemblate in fabbrica man mano che la struttura cresce. \u00c8 importante che la costruzione del data center venga completata nei tempi previsti in modo che i server possano essere operativi rapidamente per generare entrate. Le torri di raffreddamento modulari preassemblate e montate sul campo possono soddisfare requisiti di consegna e programmi di costruzione sensibili al fattore tempo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pesare le opzioni dell&#039;acqua<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Esistono molte combinazioni di soluzioni di raffreddamento evaporativo e meccanico che possono essere valutate per soddisfare i requisiti di raffreddamento del data center. Poich\u00e9 la discussione sull&#039;acqua viene aggiunta all&#039;elenco delle considerazioni progettuali, \u00e8 importante comprendere e valutare la relazione tra l&#039;energia elettrica e il consumo idrico locale al fine di prendere decisioni ben ragionate per ottenere il risparmio energetico e idrico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Denver<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Fenice<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Los Angeles<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Consumo energetico annuo (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consumo energetico annuo (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Consumo energetico annuo (kW)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>refrigeratore raffreddato ad acqua<\/td><td>1,610,748<\/td><td>1,726,603<\/td><td>1,592,062<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>refrigeratore raffreddato ad aria<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><td>4,999,089<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Sistema<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Utilizzo annuale dell&#039;acqua<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/anno)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Utilizzo annuale dell&#039;acqua<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/anno)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Utilizzo annuale dell&#039;acqua<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/anno)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>refrigeratore raffreddato ad acqua<\/td><td>3,593,000<\/td><td>14,844,000<\/td><td>7,732,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>refrigeratore raffreddato ad aria<\/td><td>4,645,000<\/td><td>36,182,000<\/td><td>16,640,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Differenza<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1,052,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>21,338,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>8,908,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>% di riduzione dell&#039;uso dell&#039;acqua<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>22.60%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>59.00%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>53.50%<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Tabella 3. Dati per il confronto del sistema di raffreddamento. Esempio di data center da 1.500 kW<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Informazioni sugli autori: Paul Erlinger \u00e8 Global Business Development Manager \u2013 Data Centers and Technology e Kent Martens \u00e8 Regional Sales Manager per SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The number of data centers in the United States continues to grow in response to the enormous amount of digital information stored and streamed. The massive computer power within these data centers generates heat, making efficient cooling a key building system requirement. Evaporative cooling towers are an integral part of many data center cooling systems. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17910,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The number of data centers in the United States continues to grow in response to the enormous amount of digital information stored and streamed. The massive computer power within these data centers generates heat, making efficient cooling a key building system requirement. Evaporative cooling towers are an integral part of many data center cooling systems.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Recently some have questioned the use of cooling towers, citing water scarcity to bolster their arguments. But a thorough examination of water use for local onsite cooling towers compared to water use to generate power at regional fossil fuel power plants reveals surprising results. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":17910,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/WP-DC-18-52-1024x743.jpg\" alt=\"Data center cooling towers\" class=\"wp-image-17910\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Data Center Cooling Options<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>There are multiple ways to cool data centers, depending on the size, computer capacity that must be cooled, regional energy costs and the data load and density. Popular options include:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Water-cooled chiller plant \u2013 includes chiller system, pumps, cooling tower and plate\/frame heat exchanger in series with the chiller<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Air-cooled chiller plant \u2013 includes chiller system and pumps<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Direct evaporative cooling \u2013 without mechanical refrigeration, also referred to as \u201cswamp cooling\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2022 Adiabatic cooling \u2013 air-cooled system assisted by water-cooled system during peak conditions<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>To attract customers, data center operators weigh the options and look for systems that reduce operating costs and environmental impact. They pay close attention to power use effectiveness (PUE), defined as the ratio of the total amount of energy used by a data center to the energy delivered to the computing equipment. A PUE of 1 means the heat rejection power equals the power used for the computing equipment.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Data center operators are also concerned about water use effectiveness (WUE). Cooling towers evaporate water, but the impact depends on location. According to Tim Chiddix, PE, VP Mechanical Engineering at Swanson Rink, a leader in the design of data center facility infrastructure, data centers can range from a few hundred square feet to several hundred thousand square feet and no cooling technology works well for all regions, client criteria and applications. \u201cEach and every facility must be analyzed to determine the approach that best meets the needs of the customer and takes advantage of energy and water savings opportunities of the particular region.\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Swanson Rink specifies equipment as part of its data center practice and frequently combines cooling towers with mechanical chillers for efficient cooling.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Water Use Issues Must Be Evaluated Holistically<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The extended drought throughout the Western states has caused many companies to reexamine the impact of water usage for cooling data centers. Some have questioned whether onsite cooling towers use too much water given these shortages. In evaluating the best cooling strategy for a data center, it is critical to view water usage holistically, including water use where the power is made. When viewed in this light, mechanical evaporative cooling systems are often far more efficient than alternative dry systems.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The amount of water used by the steam cycle of a fossil fuel based power plant to generate electricity may be greater than the amount of water used by the data center cooling tower. An example is an air-cooled system that uses 1 megawatt (MW) of power per year compared with a water-cooled system that uses 0.5 MW per year and 3,000 gallons of water per minute. The number of gallons the power plant uses to make the additional 0.5 MW to power the air-cooled system is actually greater than the amount of water that would be used locally by the water-cooled system\u2019s cooling tower. Cutting down the energy used from power plants may actually save water.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Swanson Rink\u2019s Tim Chiddix and Brook Zion evaluated the water use issue in a white paper, \u201cData Center Water Usage for Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles: A Look at the big picture.\u201d Chiddix and Zion examined whether reduction in water use at an individual data center facility results in an aggregate reduction in water use for the regional water supply system.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The authors note that water is a more efficient medium than air for removing heat because evaporation enhances the cooling process. \u201cUsing water-cooled condensing systems versus air-cooled condensing systems can significantly reduce your cooling energy costs; however, the effectiveness of evaporative cooling is very location dependent, since the drier climate results in greater efficiency.\u201d<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>They studied whether this energy reduction comes with an increase in onsite water usage due to evaporation. They also considered whether this evaporation is wasting water and whether data center owners should consider air-cooled equipment instead. The evaluation compared sample data centers located in Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles. It examined the regional power grid to determine how much water the power companies consume to produce a kilowatt-hour (kWh) of power.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Water consumption rate data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) technical report TP-550- 33906 is shown in Table 1.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>State<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Gallons\/kWh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Colorado<\/td><td>1.20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arizona<\/td><td>7.88<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>California<\/td><td>4.64<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Table 1. Average Water Consumption At Power Plants<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The study looked at cooling for a sample data center with a steady 1,500 kW cooling load. The authors compared a standard efficiency water-cooled chiller system and a standard efficiency air-cooled chiller system, as well as an evaporative system with no mechanical cooling. The water-cooled plant includes a chiller system, pumps, cooling tower and plate\/frame heat exchanger in series with the chiller. The air-cooled chiller includes the chiller system and pumps. Table 2 shows the full load power consumption of the air-cooled chiller was significantly higher than that of the water-cooled chiller.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Chiller Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Denver (kW\/Ton)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Phoenix (kW\/Ton)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>L.A. (kW\/Ton)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><td>1.340<\/td><td>1.250<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled<\/td><td>0.431<\/td><td>0.462<\/td><td>0.426<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Table 2. Full Load Chiller Power Consumption<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Water use, through evaporation, was based on dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature data from a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY3) obtained from the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB). The authors found that the water-cooled chiller system in Denver consumed 1,610,748 kWh of energy and the air-cooled chiller system consumed 4,663,740 kWh annually.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Figure 1 shows the energy and water usage for the mechanical chiller systems analyzed in each city. Water use shows significant differences because the amount of water consumed at the power generation facilities is far greater than water consumed on site.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The air-cooled chiller system consumes more power and evaporates no water on site. All of its water use is at the rate of power plant water consumption. By contrast, the water-cooled chiller has lower power consumption and a combination of onsite and power plant water consumption.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>According to Chiddix, municipalities requiring data centers to use less energy and water onsite may not have considered the full implications of these requirements. In his opinion, if the power generating plant is considered in the equation, the cooling technologies selected for the data center may actually result in more overall energy and water use.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":18775,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/data_center_water_usage_comparison-1024x412.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18775\"\/><figcaption><em>Fig 1. Source: Data Center Water Usage for Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles: A Look at the big picture, by Tim Chiddix, PE, ATD and Brook Zion, PE, ATD<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Additional Energy-Saving Factors To Consider<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Water-cooled technologies are more efficient, particularly when \u201cfree cooling\u201d is employed during periods of cooler weather. Free cooling, also referred to as \u201cwater-side economizer\u201d cooling, is an economic method of using low external air temperatures to assist in chilling water. When operating in free cooling mode, the water from the cooling tower is cold enough that mechanical refrigeration by the chiller is not required. This reduces the energy requirement significantly, typically by 75 percent or more. To take advantage of the energy savings possible with free cooling, there must be sufficient hours of cold weather to justify the additional equipment investment for the plate\/frame heat exchanger and other components.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>An evaluation of the benefits of cooling towers in data center cooling must also consider \u201cvariable flow,\u201d another method to reduce energy consumption. Cooling towers are sized for summer design condition; variable flow enables users to reduce the water flow from the cooling tower to the chiller during cooler seasons. Fans are operated at a lower speed, which reduces energy usage. Taking advantage of free cooling and variable flow modes can dramatically reduce cooling tower energy use.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Cooling tower modularity provides another advantage. Data center owners may prefer to build out their facilities over time as server demand grows. To control initial capital expenditures and operating costs, data center operators may add cooling capacity later as needed by utilizing systems that incorporate factory-assembled modular cooling towers as the facility grows. It is important for data center construction to be completed on schedule so that servers can be operational quickly to generate revenue. Modular pre-assembled and field-erected cooling towers can meet time-sensitive delivery requirements and construction schedules.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3>Weighing The Water Options<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>There are many combinations of evaporative and mechanical cooling solutions that can be evaluated to meet data center cooling requirements. As the discussion of water is added to the list of design considerations, it is important to understand and evaluate the relationship between utility power and local water consumption in order to make well-reasoned decisions for achieving energy and water conservation.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Denver<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Phoenix<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Los Angeles<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Annual Energy Consumption (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Energy Consumption (kW)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Energy Consumption (kW)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>1,610,748<\/td><td>1,726,603<\/td><td>1,592,062<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><td>4,999,089<\/td><td>4,663,470<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>System<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Water Usage<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/yr)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Water Usage<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/yr)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Annual Water Usage<\/strong><br><strong>(gal\/yr)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>3,593,000<\/td><td>14,844,000<\/td><td>7,732,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled Chiller<\/td><td>4,645,000<\/td><td>36,182,000<\/td><td>16,640,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Difference<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1,052,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>21,338,000<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>8,908,000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>% of Water Use Reduction<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>22.60%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>59.00%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>53.50%<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption><em>Table 3. Data for cooling system comparison. Sample 1,500 kW Data Center<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>About the Authors: Paul Erlinger is Global Business Development Manager \u2013 Data Centers and Technology and Kent Martens is Regional Sales Manager for SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph 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