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For cooling tower service, any circulating water with more than 750 parts per million chloride expressed as NaCl is generally considered as salt water. However, the effects of chlorides will be much less severe at 750 ppm than they will at higher concentrations.

Because of the fuel shortages which began to manifest themselves in the early 1970s, the cost of energy began an asymptotic rise. The level of attention to energy savings has risen as a part of a broader green approach to design, including carbon footprint.

A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which two fluids (air and water) are brought into direct contact with each other to affect the transfer of heat.

The relationship between water surface exposure and heat transfer rate is intrinsic to all types of cooling towers, regardless of the type of water distribution system utilized. The more water surface exposed to given flow of air, the greater will be the rate of heat transfer.